Master Xu Yun persisted in the ascetic practice of the Vinaya Discipline for one hundred and one years. He sat and meditated in fifteen temples, revived six great ancestral monasteries, and inherited (and integrated) the Five Patriarchal Lines of Chinese Ch’an Buddhism into one individual body. Master Xu Yun was born in 1840 and passed away in 1959. He lived through the Five Emperors of Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu, and Puyi – and witnessed the most turbulent history associated with the founding and collapse of the Four Dynasties of the Taiping Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty the Republic of China (Dynasty) and the People’s Republic of China (Dynasty). It is a commonly held belief in China that those with ‘virtue’ can live a very long time due to their purity of mind and body. This purity allows the qi to flow unhindered throughout all the energy channels, and for the essential nature (jing), and expansive, conscious awareness (shen) to be adequately cultivated and strengthened! In this regard, Master Xu Yun lived through two full cycles of the Chinese Zodiac (of twelve lunar months shared by thirteen animals, as the cat and the rabbit share the same year). The Chinese (lunar) Zodiac cycle completes itself every 60 years, and as Master Xu Yun lived into his 120th year, it is generally agreed in China that lived through to complete cycles. It is interesting that in the West an hour is divided into sections of 60 minutes (and each minute into 60 seconds) - a tradition that is believed to be Babylonian in origin. As Master Xu Yun was born in the Year of Rat (1840), it is believed that his character kind, considering, strong and understanding, whilst his life-path would be successful in the end, attracting all the people and resources required to achieve whatever objective. He left his body during the Year of the Pig (1959). A Pig is loyal, steadfast, strong, peaceful and tends to be harmless but determined, as he achieves his objectives step by step and never gives up! As a British academic trained in the West, my research into the matter of Master Xu Yun’s longevity tends to support the dates and the assumed age in that I have not found any convincing evidence to suggest it is incorrect. I believe Master Xu Yun always told the truth and I see no reason to doubt his age no matter how improbable it might seem to modern mind. The Egyptian Pharaoh Rameses II lived into his 90th year when the average age for an Egyptian male was between 35-40 years! I suspect people then would have doubted this age. Rameses the Great had young servants whose grandparents had served him!
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The Three Essentials of the Chan Tradition are: great faith, great doubt, and great determination.
I’m going to talk about them and I’m going to share some verses from a text from the Korean Tradition, The Mirror of Zen: The Classic Guide to Buddhist Practice by Master So Sahn. It’s a text I really like a lot, and I’m going to share with you some verses from it that go into what I’m talking about, The Three Essentials. This is the most revered text in the Korean Chan tradition and I highly recommend it. I’m going to share a couple of verses from this text and I’m going to unpack them a little. First, Verse 13, “You should meditate with total determination. Like your life depends on it. Only with great determination can you penetrate great doubt.” The author is saying determination is what helps us get through doubt. He’s saying we have to be diligent. Those who only practice a little are not likely to get very far. We have to be determined to get into our practice and stay there. If we’re not determined, if we don’t have a great determination, then when we start to think, “Oh, this isn’t working,” we’re going to stop practicing. We all go through those phases where we start to think, “This isn’t really doing anything for me, I don’t believe in myself, I’m not sure if meditation even works.” We all go through phases like that, and it’s great determination that keeps us going, because we need to keep going. It is hard. There are many things around to discourage us, and it just takes determination. That doubt that we’re talking about that we’re trying to penetrate is doubt in ourselves, mainly, but also doubt in the practice. Like, “Not only am I not good enough to do this,” on the one hand but also, “maybe this doesn’t work,” on the other hand. Those are the two kinds of doubt that we’re wrestling with. That’s what So Sahn, in this text, is saying. We need great determination to handle our great doubt. He goes on to say in Verse 14, “There are three essential things in your practice. They are great faith, great determination, and great doubt. If any of these practices are missing, it’s like a table missing a leg.” So, he just said we need to get around our great doubt, but then he also goes on to say that great doubt is essential in our practice - and it is. In all of these I think there is a good side and a bad side, so I’m going to talk about The Three Essentials now, that’s what this list is: great faith, great determination, and great doubt. These are called The Three Essentials of Chan practice, and by some they are considered to be the greatest and most important virtues that we could possibly have. Great faith means a few different things, but really to me, it means having faith in our mind and our ability to recognize our true nature. We might bring baggage to the word faith, and we probably do, so I like to think of this as faith in yourself. Some people like to use the word confidence, and I think that’s a really good substitute. If faith is a word you struggle with, I think we could say confidence, determination, and doubt. Confidence. We might have baggage with the word confidence too, though, right? You might think of a confident person as kind of a jerk, so I don’t know if there’s really a good answer. The point is it means faith in yourself, holding onto the belief that Buddha nature is present within you, that you are good enough. Just reading these Buddhist stories and knowing that Buddha was a man and we can do that too, because he was just a person like us. That’s an aspect of faith, too. Just knowing, “Why not me? I can do this,” and really believing that you can. Because you can. When it seems impossible to keep practicing, you can. We can still get to where we need to go, we can still bring ourselves back to the cushion, we can still try. And that’s what great faith is. Great doubt is sometimes compared to the scientific method. It means, “Don’t believe anything unless it makes sense. Unless we can determine the truths for ourselves.” All of our beliefs and our practices should be examined and re-examined, and accepted or rejected based on our judgment and our experience. We shouldn’t be doing something just because a spiritual teacher told us it works, we should be doing it because it makes sense and we see little bits of progress in it. Great doubt kind of tempers our great faith. We don’t want to have a sort of blind faith where we aren’t looking at the results of things, where we aren’t seeing what’s happening, and where we’re sticking to things just because we were told these are the good things. We don’t want that. We want great faith, but we want it to be coloured by great doubt. We don’t want to do things that don’t work, we don’t want to waste our time. And ideas that we find unhelpful should be rejected. We shouldn’t believe things because someone told us, that’s really important in the Chan tradition, and in most Buddhist traditions, actually, but especially Zen. We don’t follow our religious teachers blindly, we want to check every belief against our own knowledge and experience. We need a healthy amount of scepticism. It might seem like great faith and great doubt are at odds, but the truth is we need a healthy amount of doubt to temper our faith or our confidence. We need that to help us. We don’t want to be overconfident or blindly faithful. We need a little bit of doubt to help us see things as they really are. That’s what great doubt is about, not going overboard with our faith. It’s about really seeing things as they are, and really caring about seeing things as they are rather than just being told what to see. I think the Buddha’s story is really reflective of this, he saw the dominant religious practices of his day and he didn’t think they were bringing anyone any real spiritual truth. He didn’t think they were doing anything, so he went into the woods and found some weirdo spiritual teachers and studied with them, too. And even with these weirdos, he still didn’t really feel like he was getting the spiritual truth. He found a little bit of calming down his mind, but he didn’t find any real spiritual truth, so he cast aside most of their beliefs, too. And that was his great doubt. He needed great doubt to create the practice that we call Buddhism. He had a great faith in himself and he needed a great doubt as well. Great determination, which I talked about a little at the top, I’m going to talk about again now, is our firm resolution to go forward in our practice. It’s about staying on the path, it’s about doing whatever we need to do to avoid getting discouraged. It’s about avoiding getting lazy, it’s easy to get lazy. It’s about cultivating so much patience and self-discipline that we keep doing what we’re doing, and we don’t get swayed away from the path when it’s not easy or when we’re bored. It’s really important to have great determination because it’s really easy to stop meditating, to stop practicing. It’s really easy to just not practice. And we need a determination to bring us back over and over, especially when things are hard, when we’re bored. A lot of times, I like to compare meditation to flossing. Because flossing is something that we know is good for us, and we know we should do, and yet we don’t do it, right? At least we don’t do it as often as our dentist recommends. If we’re lucky, we do it sometimes. A lot of people don’t do it at all, right? Meditation is the same thing. We really know that we should be doing it. We should be doing it at least a couple times a week, hopefully more, but we don’t want to, so a lot of the time we don’t. We just don’t. We don’t want to do this thing that we know is good for us so we just don’t do it. It’s the same as flossing, right? We have to have great determination to keep coming back, again, and again, and again. Even when we really don’t want to. Even when we’d rather be watching Netflix, or even when we’d rather be doing something we should do, like cleaning our house. We’ve got to have that meditation practice as well. That is what great determination is for. That is why we really need it. It’s not just great faith and great doubt, although those are really important, we have to be determined to come back to the practice. Even though the practice seems really simple and in the greater scheme of things it doesn’t have to take up a lot of our time, we still have to be determined to do it because it’s so...boring. Maybe boring’s not the right word, but we feel like we deserve to be entertained all the time, I think, and what meditation is not is entertaining. We have to have determination and resolve to keep doing it again and again. When we don’t want to, that’s probably when we really need to. When we really find ourselves resisting a lot, that’s probably when we really need it. When ‘emptiness’ is genuinely ‘seen’ into (rather than ‘imagined’ as being penetrated), a practitioner of Ch’an cannot help but remain in a permanent state of spiritual rapture. This reality is continuously ‘loving’ and ‘humorous’. It is ‘full’ of humour, but what does this mean? Obviously, the presence of humour does not mean that everything is ‘funny’, as many things that pass in-front of the senses (and across the surface of the mind), are anything but ‘funny’ - and yet humour remains... Humour lightens perception and transforms experience. It defuses conflict and removes anger. Humour has no interest in greed, and does not take ‘differences’ too seriously, whilst acknowledging the validity of how things are distinctive in their own unique ways. Humour is peace, and peace is the way through which ‘emptiness’ is perceived. Surely, the cultivation of humour is preferable to the habitual presence of ‘fear’ and ‘indecision’. Being ‘British’ by accident of birth (or direction of karma), I was always struck by how ‘funny’ the Ch’an and (Japanese) Zen dialogues are! Everything seems to be ‘diverted’ away from the ‘obvious’. Many become frustrated when their habits of thought ‘demand’ that questions and answers should only be a ‘certain’ way - which are constructed in a predictable manner - so that the answers can be ‘guessed’. Is this really spiritual development? I think not. Such an approach is a ‘lazy’ manifestation of the same inner and outer status quo, the very same status quo that we are all attempting to ‘transcend’, or ‘see beyond’.
Of course, things are only ‘funny’ if we ‘sense’ the humour implicit in the situation. When the British academic - John Blofeld - sought out Master Xu Yun in 1930s China, one of the first things Xu Yun pointed-out was that the ‘reality’ he was seeking was not only ‘here and now’, but had been even in the UK! Not only this, but Xu Yun stated (on numerous occasions) that we must transform exactly ‘where we are’ and turn it into a ‘Bodhimandala’ - a sacred or holy place of intensive, spiritual activity. The activity intended is that of intensely ‘looking within’ here and now. A ‘drilling into’ material reality, no less, using the hua tou method. Wherever a Ch’an practitioner places his or her meditation mat, then that is where this great matter will be decided! Yes, we can spend time moving from here to there, and from there to here, but eventually we must all settle-down and face our klesic demons, so to speak. Change for change’s sake only draws-out the process for no reason. When master Xu Yun slept in a cow-shed, what did the cows think? More to the point, what did the monks think? Particularly those who sought-out more comfort and greater status? What about those visiting officials (with their airs and graces) who visited the Temple to meet what they thought was a ‘great’ spiritual being? A dishevelled Xu Yun would emerge from the hay-stack and ask what they wanted... When the tyrant Chiang Kai-Shek visited Xu Yun, Xu Yun did not care who he was. He spent the time telling him off for ‘forcing’ the Chinese people to embrace Western Christianity which he (Xu Yun) thought was not compatible with Chinese culture! Afterwards, Xu Yun would not let the matter pass, and actually ‘wrote’ a letter to Chiang Kai-Shek going over all the same points he had made! Part of Ch’an humour is a spiritual fearlessness. This obviously manifests in time, but is ‘timeless’ in essence. Ch’an humour is loving and wise. The underlying ‘emptiness’ of material reality is very different to the material reality that manifests within it – and yet there is no conflict or contradiction. Everything we need is ‘here’. It is the ‘method’ for seeing this that is required. When returning from Burma (Myanmar) with a large Buddha statue, the workmen with Xu Yun said that could not proceed as there was a giant boulder blocking the road which they could not collectively move. Xu Yun explained that he was a frail old man, and that they had been paid to carry the Buddha statue for him! As a weak and old man, how was he supposed to get the Buddha statue back to China if they could not perform simple tasks involving youthful strength? After contemplating the situation for a few minutes, Xu Yun picked up the boulder with ease and threw it to the side of the road, clearing a way through! The workmen were astonished, bowed to the ground and picked-up the statue and were on their way! The humour in this situation obviously made the boulder appear very ‘light’ to Master Xu Yu, who used the situation to clear the minds of the workmen. |
AuthorAdrian Chan-Wyles (釋大道 - Shi Da Dao) is permitted to retain his Buddhist Monastic Dharma-Name within Lay-society by decree of the Government of the People’s Republic of China, and the Chinese Buddhist Association (1992). A Buddhist monastic (and devout lay-practitioner) upholds the highest levels of Vinaya Discipline and Bodhisattva Vows. A Genuine Buddhist ‘Venerates’ the ‘Dao’ (道) as he or she penetrates the ‘Empty Mind-Ground' through meditative insight. A genuine Buddhist is humble, wise and peace-loving – and he or she selflessly serves all in existence in the past, present and the future, and residing within the Ten Directions – whilst retaining a vegetarian- vegan diet. Please be kind to animals! Archives
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