This is a matter of human perception. The Ch’an Masters of old new a thing or two about this subject. When we look at the empty mind ground (void) – we are always approaching this subject the wrong way around – and we are all seeking a radical re-orientation of perception. The Caodong Masters preserve the tradition of the Lankavatara Sutra – within which the Lord Buddha discusses the ‘turning about’ that must occur in the deepest levels of the mind. It is important to remember that Bodhidharma (the 28th Indian Patriarch) brought the Lankavatara Sutra to China around 520 CE and this Sutra – when interpreted correctly – is the foundational text of the Chinese Ch’an tradition. Furthermore, it is also important to avoid falling into the traps of pure idealism (avocated by DT Suzuki) and pure materialism (advocated by those modern schools of Buddhism that encourage and normalise ‘greed’ over ‘transcendece’). It is very clear that the historical Buddha stated that the mind is impermanent, and that the material world exists independent of human perception. This means that the act of perceiving the material world should not be mistaken as an act of ‘creating’ the material world that is being perceived. As the Buddha identifies the internalised cultural traits of greed, hatred, and delusion as comprising the interactive origin of all forms of human suffering – it is precisely these ‘taints’ (klesa) which must be permanently ‘uprooted’ from the surface and deeper mind if the empty mind ground is to become apparent. The material world is internalised as a myriad of obscuring thought patterns and emotions which crowd the mind so that contact is lost with a pre-perceiving mind. A pre-perceiving mind is a functioning construct that is unhindered by a) the material world, and b) the internalisation of all experiences, thoughts and feelings accrued through body and environment interaction. In other words, a pre-conceiving mind free of obscuration is precisely how the Buddha (and his lineal descendants) described what is now routinely referred to as the ‘empty mind ground’. Through reversing the flow of sensual perception, all the data received through the six senses is retutned to its collective empty essence. This is the purpose of all genuine forms of Buddhist meditation, particularly the Hua Tou and Gongan methods. 1st Rank of Prince and Minister (Host [Void] Obscured within Guest [Form] - Ignorance) (Unenlightened): The Minister does not know where the Prince is, has never heard of the Prince, and possesses no knowledge of how to establish communication with the Prince. 2nd Rank of Prince and Minister (Guest [Form] Stirred to Find Host-[Void]) (Training): The Minister receives instruction and is told that the Prince exists and how he might go about locating him! Although the Prince is still not fully seen – a vague notion of where he might be now exists! All training methods seek to exploit this knowledge and find the Prince! 3rd Rank of Prince and Minister (Host [Great Resurgence] – [Void Rediscovered]) (Relative Enlightenment): When one sensory-stream is returned to its empty essence (not an easy achievement) then ALL the other five senses in the Buddhist schematic are automatically returned to exactly the same empty mind ground. The empty mind ground (or ‘Prince’) can now be perceived – but only from the perspective of the Minister. The functioning mind has not yet experienced the radical ‘turning about’ as described in the Lankavatara Sutra. Many mistake this stage as full enlightebment. 4th Rank of Prince and Minister (Host [Void]-Guest [Form] - Reunited) (Collective Attainment): The surface mind is quietened through its association with the empty mind ground (the deep mind). Furthermore, the surface mind (and the environment it perceives) comes into alignment with the empty mind ground – but there is still no integration of the ‘form’ and the ‘void’ (as dominant perception resides in the surface mind). Neither attached to the void nor hindered by phenomena is the way to proceed. Many mistake this stage as full enlightenment – even though no ‘turning about’ has occurred. 5th Rank of Prince and Minister (Host [Void]-Guest [Form] Fully Integrated) (Absolute Attainment): The Host and Guest fully integrate so that form is void and void is form (a realisation termed "Host-in-Host" in Ch'an Texts). This corresponds to the centre of perception permanently shifting from the surface mind into the deep (empty) mind. From this point forward, reality is perceived from the empty mind ground through a surface mind that reflects the outer world whilst remaining fully detached from outer world which it perceives. As the mind is now non-attached to externals, the agencies of greed, hatred, and delusion which govern attachment nolonger exist as there is no place for such entities to arise or function.
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Richard Hunn (1949-2006) once stated that the underlying (empty) mind ground is the essence of ALL phenomena. This is the same today (in the contemporary UK) as it was during the Court of King Henry VIII as it was in the time of Confucius! When the surface mind is free of all 'klesa' - that is all taints of greed, hatred and delusion (that is the 'asava' or 'effluence') - then all thought and behaviour is automatically an expression of the 'Dao' (道)! Perfecting the ability of 'turning' the mind back to its 'empty' essence in ALL circumstance is what Richard Hunn referred to as 'abiding by the Mind Precept'! The 'Mind Precept' is the essence of all Vinaya and Bodhisattva Vows! Although the mind and body can be disciplined with regard to every single thought and action (one at a time in an endless precession) - the Chinese Ch'an tradition considers it a much more effective (and 'advanced') practice to immediately 'return' the mind (as advocated in the Lankavatara Sutra). This (existential) 'turning' of the mind is the essence of the Caodong School of Ch'an as transmitted by Master Xu Yun (1840-1959). The London Peace Pagoda was built in 1984 by the Greater London Council (GLC) and is situated to the North of Battersea Park (itself constructed during the 1850s). It was designed and founded by a Japanese Buddhist monastic but involves no other commitment than to relinquish ALL inner and outer notions of 'conflict'! This idea aligns exactly with uprooting ALL taints of greed, hatred and delusion in the mind (as 'thoughts') and in the body (as 'actions'). Of course, in a world full of injustice, contradiction and violence - as Buddhists - this burden falls entirely upon ourselves. The world may be 'violent' around us (and even against us) but we must proceed without fear. Doing 'nothing' with a clear and calm mind is far easier than committing all kinds of violent actions - but the habits of delusion are entrenched and very powerful as traits or patterns of cyclic manifestation! It is 'breaking' these cycles of 'action' and 'reaction' which is the most difficult undertaking. And yet it is an undertaking that ALL must take and be successful in applying. Therigatha - Groups of Five Verses A Certain Unknown Bhikkhuni (67) It is 25 years since I went forth. Not even for the duration of a snap of the fingers have I obtained stilling of mind. (68) Not having obtained peace of mind, drenched with desire for sensual pleasures, holding out my arms, crying out, I entered the vihara. (69) (That same) I went up to a bhikkhuni who was fit-to-be-trusted by me. She taught me the doctrine, the elements of existence, the sense-bases, and the elements. (70) Having heard her doctrine, I sat down on one side. I know that I have lived before; the deva-eye has been purified; (71) and there is knowledge of the state of mind (of others); the ear-element has been purified; supernormal power too has been realised by me; I have attained the annihilation of the asavas; (these) six supernormal knowledges have been realised by me; the Buddha's teaching has been done. KR Norman (Translator) - The Elders' Verses II Therigathha, Pali Text Society, Oxford, (1991), Page 11
The Ch’an method involves a number of techniques that ‘return’ the sense-data (received by the sense-organs regarding the material world) - ‘back’ to the empty essence of the mind ground. This is the realisation of the essence of both ‘perception’ and ‘non-perception’ and the transcendence of this base-duality that lies between these two extremes. Therefore, the multitudinous variation of reality is ‘penetrated’ through by a ‘piercing’ insight that never waivers, retreats or diminishes, and which ‘confirms’ and does not ‘negate’ the diversity which defines existence and drives the evolutionary process. Once the empty mind ground is realised – the once ‘inverted’ mind is turned the right way around (see the Lankavatara Sutra) and all exists as an expression of the Buddha-Nature! Whilst individuals are on the path toward enlightenment, the Vinaya Discipline explains, describes and establishes how a Buddhist must behave internally and externally. ALL beings are subject to the Vinaya Discipline regardless of their station in life. It makes no difference whether a practitioner is a monk or a lay-person. What we are talking about is the ‘degree’ to which the Vinaya Discipline is followed and adhered to. Generally speaking, a lay-person follows fewer of the rules whilst the monastics has to follow ALL the rules without exception. The mind and body purity of the monastic is the essence from which the strength of the entire Buddhist community flows! Corrupt monastics who do not follow the Vinaya Discipline (and become diverted into modes of behaviour that involve manifestations of greed, hatred and delusion), jeopardise the entire spiritual, psychological and physical health of the Buddhist community – which includes all human-beings (Buddhist or non-Buddhist), and all living creatures including insects, fish and other animals! The Buddhist community is strengthened if a lay-person follows a part of the Vinaya Discipline with vigour and determination, but this spiritual power is enhanced many thousands of times if the lay-person – without any of the advantages available to the monastic - ‘volunteers’ to follow the Vinaya Discipline entirely and submit to all its rules! The Vinaya Discipline receives its power from the enlightened mind of the Buddha himself - who advised how his committed disciples should ‘discipline’ (that is ‘limit’) the manner in which their minds and bodies function! Therefore, even before full enlightenment is reached, a true practitioner of Ch’an can behave in an ‘enlightened’ manner that brings a great and positive karmic strength not only to their own mind and body, but also toward the environment (and community) within which they live! Finally, the ‘Mind Precept’ is the acknowledgement that each of these hundreds of Vinaya rules emerge from the empty mind ground – and must return to it! The highest method for adhering to the Vinaya Discipline is not the enforced following of difficult to apply modes of behaviour modification (although the lesser stages may involve this), but it is rather to sit physically ‘still’, whilst the mind is ‘stilled’ of all thought (so that there is no longer any thoughts left to ‘return’) - and each ‘in’ and ‘out’ breath is directly understood to be nothing but a perfect manifestation of the empty mind ground functioning without hindrance in the physical world!
From an 'old' transmission document translated in the English language. An extract of the 'Xin Xin Ming' (信心銘) as compiled by the Third Chinese Ch'an Patriarch - 'Sangcan' (僧璨) - given to humanity and all living-beings!
The text that requires study is that of the Surangama Sutra as translated by Charles Luk. This should not be confused with the ‘Surangama-Samadhi Sutra’ as translated into English by Etienne Lamotte. The latter is useful but different - as it describes the Early Mahayana and the conversion to following the Dharma by Mara – in the form of a conversion between the Buddha and the Bodhisattva Drdhammati. In both Sutras is the found in-depth discussion of the state of ‘Samadhi’ - or ‘one-pointed’ concentration of the mind achieved through dedicated and focused meditation practice. As this Buddhist practice is considered ‘world-altering’ and ‘heroic’ - both Sutras take the name ‘Surangama’ to indicate the ‘Heroic’ nature of such practitioners. The ‘Concentration’ of the mind facilities the attainment of ALL further states of understanding and enlightenment within the Buddhist tradition regardless of school. Whatever a distinctive Buddhist School might advocate – it cannot be achieved without first mastering ‘Samadhi’. Like the Vimalakirtia Nirdesa Sutra, the Surangama Samadhi Sutra was first translated into the Chinese language by Kumarajiva – the famous Buddhist scholar. Charles Luk’s translation of the ‘Surangama Sutra’ also includes a shortened commentary by Ch’an Master Han Shan Deqing 1546–1623). This Sutra is much more indicative of the ‘directness’ of the Ch’an Method, and defines ‘Samadhi’ as containing ‘three’ distinct attributes of attainment 1) self-evidencing, 2) perception, and 3) form. Correct training penetrates the alaya – or ‘eighth consciousness’ - and smashes forever the false notion of a permanent ‘self’ or ‘soul’ as favoured by many other religions. The Buddha discusses with various Bodhisattvas the merits of using one or other of the ‘six senses’ advocated within Buddhist thought as a means to ‘breakthrough’ the chaotic surface mind (and thus ‘stilling’ it), as well as transcending the dangerously seductive ‘empty-mind’ (which can often produce a very strong ‘attachment’ and ‘world-denying’ tendency). For ‘form’ and ‘void’ to be understood as ‘identical’ whilst simultaneously representing radically different states of being – both concepts must be fully realised, penetrated and transcended without error, doubt or hesitation. Whilst the ‘hearing’ facility is presented as the most efficient method of entering the stream of consciousness in a pro-active manner – it is also true that he other ‘five’ senses can also be used with the caveat as each is not as efficient or as easy as the ear. These are the senses of ‘thinking’, seeing’ ‘smelling’, ‘tasting’ and ‘touching’, etc. Together with the hearing capacity – ALL sensory data (regardless of its ‘type’) can be equally ‘turned’ and directed back inward toward its non-perceptual origination (from within the empty mind ground). My experience is that relative enlightenment is the realisation of a ‘still’ mind by successfully return just one bodily-sense back to its empty non-perceptual essence. Although this is considered complete enlightenment in the Hinayana School – this is not so in the Mahayana School. As the Lankavatara Sutra states – the six senses are like six knots in a length of string – untie one knot and they all untie simultaneously! This means that when the ‘hearing’ is successfully returned – through a period of further disciplined Ch’an training – the other five senses are then realised as returning to exactly the same empty mind ground and the perceptual awareness of the mind is experienced as ‘expanding’ and embracing all things. This is the stage of ‘full’ enlightenment as taught by the Ch’an School and which was confirmed by the Sixth Patriarch Hui Neng in his ‘Altar Sutra’, etc. Certainly, when in a natural state of enlightened repose, the Ch’an practitioner inhabit all six senses simultaneously being a) continuously ‘returned’ to the empty essence, whilst b) continuously radiating wisdom, loving kindness and compassion from the empty mind ground and into the world through the permanently ‘purified’ six senses. This is the Cao Dong Lineage as conveyed by Master Xu Yun (1840-1959)
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AuthorAdrian Chan-Wyles (釋大道 - Shi Da Dao) is permitted to retain his Buddhist Monastic Dharma-Name within Lay-society by decree of the Government of the People’s Republic of China, and the Chinese Buddhist Association (1992). A Buddhist monastic (and devout lay-practitioner) upholds the highest levels of Vinaya Discipline and Bodhisattva Vows. A Genuine Buddhist ‘Venerates’ the ‘Dao’ (道) as he or she penetrates the ‘Empty Mind-Ground' through meditative insight. A genuine Buddhist is humble, wise and peace-loving – and he or she selflessly serves all in existence in the past, present and the future, and residing within the Ten Directions – whilst retaining a vegetarian- vegan diet. Please be kind to animals! Archives
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